Theological Report: The Gospel of Grace Versus Mosaic Law
Introduction
The relationship between grace and the Mosaic Law sits at the heart of Christian theology, especially in New Testament understandings of salvation, sanctification, and Christian identity. While the Mosaic Law (Torah)—as revealed to Israel through Moses at Sinai—formed the covenantal and ethical framework for the Jewish people, the New Testament proclaims a decisive shift: the arrival of Jesus Christ marks the transition from Law to grace, from shadow to substance, and from slavery to sonship.
This report thoroughly examines the contrast and incompatibility between grace and Law as presented in the Bible, supplementing scriptural exegesis with interlinear and Greek insights (notably from lovefulfilled.org and sources like BibleHub interlinears), and drawing from a broad spectrum of academic, devotional, and practical Christian sources. The examination is structured according to key theological themes, each substantiated by quoted scripture texts and reinforced by interlinear translation nuances.
The Gospel Is a Gospel of Grace, Not Law
Pauline Clarity: The Gospel Defined
Paul’s ministry and the New Testament epistolary tradition consistently identify the gospel as the "gospel of grace" and not of the Law. This message is underscored throughout the Acts and Paul's letters:
"But I do not account my life of any value nor as precious to myself, if only I may finish my course and the ministry that I received from the Lord Jesus, to testify to the gospel of the grace of God." (Acts 20:24, ESV)
"I am astonished that you are so quickly deserting him who called you in the grace of Christ and are turning to a different gospel—not that there is another one..." (Galatians 1:6-7, ESV)
The Greek interlinear for Acts 20:24 (διαμαρτύρασθαι ... τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς χάριτος τοῦ Θεοῦ) reveals Paul's mission as "bearing thorough witness to the gospel of the grace of God," with χάριτος (charitos, "grace") as the central term.
Grace, Not Law, at the Center of Salvation
Paul’s vehemence in Galatians is unmistakable:
"I do not frustrate the grace of God: for if righteousness come by the law, then Christ is dead in vain" (Galatians 2:21, KJV)
"So then, those who are of faith are blessed along with Abraham, the man of faith... Know then that it is those of faith who are the sons of Abraham." (Galatians 3:9, 3:7, ESV)
The Incompatibility of Law and Grace
The Law’s purpose in redemptive history is preparatory, serving as a guardian:
"So then, the law was our guardian until Christ came, in order that we might be justified by faith." (Galatians 3:24, ESV)
It was never intended to be a means of righteousness. The Law’s role was to reveal sin to God's people, highlight their inability to submit, and punctuate the need for a Savior (Romans 3:20, Galatians 3:19, 24).
"now the Law exists not of faith, rather the one doing them lives in them" (Galatians 3:12)
One dividing line between the covenant of the Mosaic Law and the gospel of grace in the new covenant is the Law is faith. Another is Jesus sending the promised Holy Spirit, giving us the authority to be born of God (John 1:1013). The gift of abundant grace and righteousness in Christ and that of being a new creation in Christ allows us to approach God.
Grace allows for a righteousness by faith, otherwise Jesus as man would have been condemned taking on sin, thus Grace must supersede his death. We stand in grace because we have access to it by faith (Romans 5:2). And the new birth together allows us to ultimately fulfill God's righteous requirements.
The law is based on works, while faith is a different path to righteousness, what Paul says is by a superseding law, the law of faith, see New Testament Laws. The law requires that you do them, Paul writes this is a curse, because of the weakness of the sinful nature of fallen man. Thus no man will be justified in the eyes of God by works of the law, and all have sinned and fallen short, there is no distinction.Approaching God Under Grace
The Boldness of Grace
A key doctrinal contrast emerges in how one approaches God under Law versus grace:
"Let us then with confidence draw near to the throne of grace, that we may receive mercy and find grace to help in time of need." (Hebrews 4:16, ESV)
The Greek term παρρησίας (parrēsias) in the interlinear text for Hebrews 4:16 means "freedom" or "boldness"—a stark contrast to the fearful hesitation encouraged by the Law.
Practical Example: Approaching Grace Out of Condemnation
The account of the woman caught in adultery (John 8:1–11) powerfully illustrates this transformation:
"'Then neither do I condemn you,' Jesus declared. 'Go now and leave your life of sin.'" (John 8:11, NIV)
Here, Jesus supersedes the Law’s demand for condemnation (cf. Leviticus 20:10) with mercy—an embodiment of Hebrews 4:16 in action. The Law would have provided only penalty; grace invites restoration, granting access to God’s help at the very point of weakness.
Ruling Over Sin Under Grace, Not Law
Sin’s Dominion Broken by Grace
Paul explicitly connects freedom from the Law with power over sin:
"For sin will have no dominion over you, since you are not under law but under grace." (Romans 6:14, ESV)
The Greek interlinear for Romans 6:14 employs the verb κυριεύσει (kyrieusei, "will have dominion/govern/master"), declaring sin's inability to rule because believers are "not under law, but under grace" (οὐ γάρ ἐστε ὑπὸ νόμον ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ χάριν). This is as Paul writes, under the Law sin increased, Romans 5:20. The idea is that sin would become more "sinful" nevertheless, the principle still exists.
The Law Cannot Sanctify
Paul argues in Romans 7 that while the law exposes and even incites sin, it cannot deliver from it:
"But now we are released from the law, having died to that which held us captive, so that we serve in the new way of the Spirit and not in the old way of the written code." (Romans 7:6, ESV)
Grace, on the other hand, is power for newness of life (Romans 6:4), not just forgiveness but empowerment. The law was unable to mature men to be like God (Hebrews 7:12).
"for that the Law no power, weak through the flesh. God sent his Son in likeness of sinful flesh and as sin accordingly judged that sinfulness in the flesh" (Romans 8:3)
This is why Jesus came, if the Law had made men perfect like God in fullness and capable of adhering and submitting to God giving life then Jesus would not have needed to come. The Book of the Law was a covenant based on conditions where Israel's obedience to God's commands was exchanged for blessings like prosperity and protection. This is seen in Joshua 1:7, and is what Paul says is a curse and hostility of the written code to sinful man. This is such a strong argument to overcome in regards to whether we are under the Law.
An important point in Paul's argument in Romans 7 is "for I am speaking to one knowing the Law" which implies the Jews. Though the letter has the title "Romans" he wrote to a diverse congregation of Jews and Gentiles and much like the church in Galatia there were issues between whether they should adhere to the Law. Therefore contrasting grace and the Law was a central theme.
The Gentiles was never under the Law, Ephesians 2:11-22, which was a covenant given to the Jew, while the gospel is based upon the promised given to Abraham beforehand so that it would rest on faith according to grace, coming to all peoples and nations s the promises sated. This is very strong argument.
Being Led by the Spirit, Not Under Law
Spirit Versus Law
"But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under law." (Galatians 5:18, ESV)
The Greek in Galatians 5:18 (ὑπὸ νόμον) underscores the condition of not being "under" the Law for those led by the Spirit. Walking in the Spirit displaces the dominion and demands of the Law. You can't do both as Paul states in Galatians 5:15, which basically states legalism in following laws, precepts, principles is another form of walking in the flesh.
Interlinear and Contextual Insight
Paul’s development in Galatians 5—attested by Greek interlinear—places Spirit-empowered living antithetically to Law-based striving. The Law produces "works of the flesh" (Galatians 5:19–21); the Spirit produces love, joy, peace, etc. (5:22–23), for which "against such things there is no law."
Jesus: Full of Grace and Truth
The Unique Glory of Christ
The doctrine takes its most decisive turn in John 1:14–17:
"And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth... For the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Jesus Christ." (John 1:14, 17, ESV)
Interlinear Insight
The Greek word ἀντὶ (anti) in John 1:16 ("grace upon grace") means "in place of," suggesting replacement rather than mere addition. As noted by early church fathers and highlighted on lovefulfilled.org, "grace upon grace" means Christ’s grace supersedes the Law’s, not just accumulates it.
Moses' Veiled Glory Versus Christ’s Unveiled Glory
Paul explains the typology:
"Now if the ministry of death, carved in letters on stone, came with such glory... which was being brought to an end, will not the ministry of the Spirit have even more glory? ... We all, with unveiled face, beholding the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image from one degree of glory to another..." (2 Corinthians 3:7–18, ESV)
Moses' glory was veiled—passing and inaccessible. Through Christ, the veil is removed; the "ministry of righteousness exceeds much more in glory," making believers participants in that glory as they are transformed by the Spirit.
The Law’s Curse and Weakness
Universal Condemnation and Christ’s Substitution
"For all who rely on works of the law are under a curse... Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us..." (Galatians 3:10, 13, ESV)
"For God has done what the law, weakened by the flesh, could not do. By sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, he condemned sin in the flesh..." (Romans 8:3, ESV)
The Law’s inability, as the interlinear reveals in Romans 8:3, lay in its incapacity (ἀσθενείας—weakness) through the flesh. Christ, thus, fulfills what the Law could never do, "condemning sin in the flesh."
The Law Multiplies Transgression
Paul further teaches that the Law is an aggravator, not a redeemer:
"The law came in to increase the trespass, but where sin increased, grace abounded all the more..." (Romans 5:20, ESV)
The Law serves to amplify the knowledge and consequences of sin but cannot offer remedy. Again who is Paul talking to, but to the Jews who knew and where under the Law. This speaks to why the Law was a guardian until the appointed time when a better covenant and hope would be introduced.
The Law’s Inability to Mature Believers
Shadows, Not Substance
"For since the law has but a shadow of the good things to come instead of the true form of these realities, it can never, by the same sacrifices that are continually offered every year, make perfect those who draw near." (Hebrews 10:1, ESV)
Interlinear Insight
The Greek σκιά (skia) for "shadow" points to the Law as a mere outline. The εἰκόνα (eikona)—true "image"—lies with Christ; the Law could "never perfect" (τελειῶσαι, teleiosai; "to perfect or bring to completion") those approaching God.
Immaturity Under Law
"...it can never... make perfect those who draw near." (Hebrews 10:1)
This the writer of Hebrews sates is for us today, adherence to laws and sacrificial repetition could never produce mature, sanctified worshipers. Only Christ’s single offering "has perfected for all time those being sanctified" (Hebrews 10:14).
Temporary Sacrifices: Law as a Shadow
Consistent emphasis falls on the temporality and typological nature of the Law and its sacrifices:
"...those sacrifices are an annual reminder of sins..." (Hebrews 10:3–4)
The Hebrew cultic system anticipated, but could not accomplish, what Christ would fulfill. The permanence, sufficiency, and efficacy are found only in Jesus.
Grace Reigning Through Righteousness to Eternal Life
Sin and Death Versus Grace and Eternal Life
Paul paints a cosmic picture:
"...as sin reigned in death, so also grace might reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord." (Romans 5:21, ESV)
Grace and sin are personified as reigns: sin governs in the domain of death, but grace reigns through righteousness leading to eternal life. L:ater Paul summarizes his argument, in Romans 8, the law of the Spirit of life frees us from the law of sin and death in the body. Being a new creation in Christ is central to the theme of the new covenant.
It is how God deals with sin, by addressing the weakness of human sinful nature to submit to his laws, which are spiritual, by establishing a new covenant where the Holy Spirit lives within believers, writing his laws on their hearts and minds. This is a shift from the old covenant, and Mosaic Law, where laws were given on stone tablets, and it provides the power to fulfill God's righteous requirements through a transformed inner nature.
Commentary Synthesis
Sin reigns in death. God's grace, on the other hand, has effects or gifts, its reign established by Christ’s righteousness, and dispenses life through the Spirit. Because of one man Adam, all men are under the law of sin and death and are slaves to the fear of death all their lives. Christ came to change who reigned or who has power over death.
Interlinear Note
ἵνα ὥσπερ... οὕτως ("so that as... even so") underscores the deliberate, divine contrast between the reigns of sin and grace as forces in the universe and in the believer's life.
The Law as a Ministry of Death and Condemnation
"...the ministry of death, carved in letters on stone, came with such glory... If the ministry of condemnation had glory, the ministry of righteousness exceeds much more in glory." (2 Corinthians 3:7, 9, ESV)
The Law’s true effect, even at its glorious inception, is death and condemnation. The interlinear supports this with διακονία του θανάτου ("the ministry of death") and διακονία της κατακρίσεως ("ministry of condemnation").
In the new covenant it is still a principle, the letter kills but the Spirit gives life.
The Law’s Hostility to Man
Paul in Colossians 2:13-14:
"Although existing dead in your trespasses and the uncircumcision of your flesh, he made you alive together with Christ, he forgave us our transgression, by canceling the record of debt that stood against us with its legal demands. This he set aside, nailing it to the cross." (ESV)
The Greek term ὑπεναντίον ("adverse, hostile, against us") expresses that the ordinances of the Law were not only unhelpful but antagonistic. Christ decisively removed this enmity. Without its removal there would be no legal way to make alive, thus why Paul states the Spirit is life through righteousness.
Life presupposes righteousness, in other words the gift of grace and righteousness were required for men to be made alive. The ministry of righteousness and of the Spirt presupposes release from the Law's hostility, a ministry of death and condemnation. The law of faith states a righteousness exists a part from works of the law thus a releasing from the former is necessary.
Jesus Nailing the Law to the Cross
The Cross as the End of the Law’s Hostility
The mechanics of salvation include the Law’s removal:
"...having blotted out the handwriting in the ordinances that is against us, that was contrary to us, and he hath taken it out of the way, having nailed it to the cross;" (Colossians 2:14, Young's Literal Translation)
Interlinear and Commentary
The Greek word χειρόγραφον (cheirographon) denotes a handwritten record—essentially a certificate of debt including both moral and ceremonial obligations. Christ's nailing it to the cross is both literal (His crucifixion) and legal (cancelling the requirements and debts). The Law’s condemnation is decisively ended; to attempt to restore it is a reversal of Christ’s work.
Warning: Do Not Rebuild What Christ Removed
Paul’s warning in Galatians is severe:
"You who are trying to be justified by the law have been severed from Christ; you have fallen from grace." (Galatians 5:4, ESV)
To return to Law is to fall from the new-creation life of grace and to abandon Christ. Trying to rebuild the Law’s requirements is described as a return to slavery and idolatry (see also Galatians 4:9–11).
Returning to the Law as Slavery and Falling from Grace
Paul’s imagery in Galatians 5:1–4:
"For freedom Christ has set us free; stand firm therefore, and do not submit again to a yoke of slavery... You are severed from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you have fallen away from grace."
The Interlinear Evidence
The phrase κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, οἵτινες ἐν νόμῳ δικαιοῦσθε; τῆς χάριτος ἐξεπέσατε is as strong as possible: to seek justification by Law is to be rendered inoperative in relation to Christ and to fall out of grace.
Forfeiting Grace Causes Bitterness
The “Root of Bitterness”
"See to it that no one fails to obtain the grace of God; that no 'root of bitterness' springs up and causes trouble, and by it many become defiled." (Hebrews 12:15, ESV)
Departing from grace results in spiritual bitterness—alienation, resentment, and spiritual sterility, contrasting with the fruitful, unifying work of grace. This bitterness, rooted in legalism or rejection of grace, can defile communities and individual hearts.
The Law Did Not Reveal Unrighteousness
Example: The Pharisees and Jesus' Parable
The story of the Pharisee and the tax collector (Luke 18:9–14) dramatizes the Law’s failure to pierce to the heart:
"...the Pharisee stood by himself and prayed, 'God, I thank you that I am not like other men...' ...But the tax collector, standing far off, would not even lift up his eyes to heaven, but beat his breast, saying, 'God, be merciful to me, a sinner!' ...this man went down to his house justified." (Luke 18:11–14, ESV)
The Law, in the hands of the Pharisee, merely fostered self-righteousness and judgmentalism; only grace, as recognized by the tax collector, brings justification. This is a strong argument in regards to whether one should use the Law as a tool in evangelism to reveal peoples sin.
Though the Law exposed sin and credited sin against them, it had the opposite effect, it did not reveal peoples unrighteousness. People say the Law is a tool so that people realize their sinfulness but for the Pharisees, like the one in the above parable, it did not work. Instead of he justified himself by good works, look how good I am, I am a good person... This is the nature of sinful nature.
The Corinthian Church Judging Under Law (1 Corinthians 6)
Paul’s rebuke of the Corinthian church addresses their reversion to law-judging:
"If then you have such cases, why do you lay them before those who have no standing in the church?... Why not rather be wronged? Why not rather be defrauded?" (1 Corinthians 6:4, 7, ESV)
Recourse to law courts amongst believers is a sign of the insufficiency of law and highlights the need for a higher, grace-based ethic of reconciliation, forgiveness, and Spirit-empowered discernment.
Grace as Sufficient Power to Live by the Spirit
God’s Power Perfected in Weakness
"But he said to me, 'My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness.' Therefore I will boast all the more gladly of my weaknesses, so that the power of Christ may rest upon me." (2 Corinthians 12:9, ESV)
Grace is more than pardon; it is practical power for holy living—a theme echoed throughout Paul’s letters and attested by the believer’s experience. The Law could inform, but it could not empower—only grace can do that.
Spirit of Adoption Versus Spirit of Slavery
"For you did not receive the spirit of slavery to fall back into fear, but you have received the Spirit of adoption as sons, by whom we cry, 'Abba! Father!'" (Romans 8:15, ESV)
The Law produces a spirit of bondage and fear; grace, imparted by the Spirit, brings adoption and intimacy with God as our Father—a revolutionary shift in spiritual posture from servitude to confident sonship and heirship (see also Galatians 4:4–7).
True Jew: Circumcision of Heart by the Spirit
Paul’s argument in Romans 2:28–29 is decisive:
"For no one is a Jew who is merely one outwardly, nor is circumcision outward and physical. But a Jew is one inwardly, and circumcision is a matter of the heart, by the Spirit, not by the letter." (ESV)
Theological and Historical Context
Physical circumcision was an ethnic and covenantal marker, but it could not confer the inward transformation God desired. The Spirit's work ("circumcise your hearts"—Deuteronomy 10:16; 30:6) is the true fulfillment. Baptism gains similar significance in the new covenant—an outward sign of inward regeneration.
Not Justified by Law
Paul again declares:
"For by works of the law no human being will be justified in his sight, since through the law comes knowledge of sin." (Romans 3:20, ESV)
The Law defines and exposes transgression, but never justifies; justification is uniquely the work of grace through faith.
Born Again by the Spirit
"Jesus answered, 'Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born again [from above], he cannot see the kingdom of God.'" (John 3:3, ESV; see Greek ἄνωθεν, anōthen, "from above")
New birth is an act of God’s Spirit, not of Law or human ancestry. The phrase "born from above" underscores the sovereign, supernatural nature of salvation.
Sons of Abraham by Faith
Paul redefines descent from Abraham:
"Know then that it is those of faith who are the sons of Abraham." (Galatians 3:7, ESV)
"And if you are Christ's, then you are Abraham's offspring, heirs according to promise." (Galatians 3:29, ESV)
Faith, not Law, makes one a true child of Abraham, fulfilling God’s promise that “all nations will be blessed through you” (Genesis 12:3).
Law and Grace: A Comparative Overview
| Aspect | Mosaic Law | Grace Through Christ |
|---|---|---|
| Source | Moses (John 1:17) | Jesus Christ (John 1:17) |
| Basis | Works and external obedience | Faith and undeserved favor |
| Approach to God | Ritual, temple, priests | Boldly by grace (Hebrews 4:16) |
| Power Over Sin | Weak "through the flesh" (Romans 8:3) | Grace empowers righteousness (Romans 6:14) |
| Ministry | Death & condemnation (2 Cor. 3:7–9) | Spirit & life (Romans 8:2) |
| Revelation of Sin | Behavior, not the heart | Heart transformation (Luke 7:36–50) |
| Salvation | Impossible by Law (Luke 18:27) | Gift by grace (Ephesians 2:8–9) |
| Adoption | Slavery (Romans 8:15) | Adoption as sons (Romans 8:15–16) |
| Circumcision | Of flesh (Romans 2:28) | Of heart by Spirit (Romans 2:29) |
| Justification | Not by Law (Romans 3:20) | By faith (Galatians 3:7, 29) |
| Eternal Life | Not guaranteed | Reigns through grace (Romans 5:21) |
Conclusion
The New Testament’s message is unmistakable: Christianity is a gospel of grace, not Law. While the Law is “holy and good” (Romans 7:12), it is incompatible with the gospel of grace as a means of salvation, sanctification, or spiritual maturity. The transition from the old to the new covenant is a transition from shadow to reality, slavery to sonship, self-righteousness and self-effort to gifts.
Grace is not just the method of initial salvation, but the entire dynamic of Christian life—sufficient for God's gifts of access, transformation, identity, power, and hope. To return to the Law is to forfeit grace, return to slavery and bitterness, and risk severance from Christ. The Christian lives by the Spirit, empowered, adopted, justified, and transformed—belonging to the lineage of Abraham by faith, with a circumcised heart and a Spirit-empowered life.
Paul’s words in Romans 5:21 stand as the summary statement: "that as sin reigned in death, even so grace might reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord."